Fifty IncP-1ε plasmids that were captured in E.

In a soil microcosm experiment the abundance of IncP-1ε plasmids was significantly increased even 127 days after application of manure containing the antibiotic compound sulfadiazine, compared to soil receiving only manure, only sulfadiazine, or water. A correlation between IncP-1ε plasmid abundance and antibiotic usage was revealed. These plasmids were detected in total DNA from all of 16 manure samples and in arable soil based on a novel 5′-nuclease assay for real-time PCR. The role of broad-host range IncP-1ε plasmids in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in agricultural systems has not yet been investigated.

3 Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.

2 Department de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.

1 Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany.

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